This annex describes a number of approaches from the health and care improvement and engineering communities that have the potential to help teams understand people, deliver systems, facilitate design and manage risk (Section 2: Approaches to improvement). Most excel with one of these perspectives while some attempt to support a more holistic integrated systems approach.
The approaches range from health and care improvement methods, such as the NHS change model, IHI model for improvement, leading large-scale change, human factors in healthcare, lean in healthcare, experience-based co-design and root cause analysis, to design-led safety management tools and human factors methods. Wherever possible references are provided for further information.